Functions & Operators in PostgreSQL: String Functions & Operators | Post...

Welcome back to our PostgreSQL Full Playlist! 🎥 In this episode (#61), we explore Functions & Operators in PostgreSQL, focusing on String Functions and Operators.

Strings are everywhere in databases – from names and emails to product codes and logs. PostgreSQL gives us a powerful set of tools to manipulate, search, format, and transform strings effectively.

In this tutorial, you’ll learn:

• ✅ String concatenation using operators

• ✅ Length functions: char_length, octet_length, bit_length

• ✅ Case conversion with upper() and lower()

• ✅ Trimming & padding: ltrim, rtrim, btrim, lpad, rpad

• ✅ Extracting substrings with substring() & overlay()

• ✅ Searching inside strings with position() & strpos()

• ✅ Advanced functions: concat, concat_ws, initcap, reverse, replace, repeat

• ✅ Splitting strings with string_to_array, regexp_split_to_table

• ✅ Regex power: regexp_like, regexp_replace, regexp_matches, regexp_substr

• ✅ Dynamic SQL formatting with format()

💡 By the end of this video, you’ll be confident in cleaning data, extracting patterns, and formatting text like a pro in PostgreSQL.

👉 Don’t forget to check out the PostgreSQL Full Playlist for more advanced topics and step-by-step learning.

If you enjoy the content, make sure to Like 👍, Comment 💬, Share 🔄, and Subscribe 🔔 for more tutorials every week.

Functions & Operators in PostgreSQL: Mathematical Function & Operator | ...

In this video 📺, we explore Mathematical Functions and Operators in PostgreSQL in depth. PostgreSQL provides a wide range of built-in tools that make complex calculations easy to perform directly inside your SQL queries.

We’ll cover everything step by step with examples and demos, including:
✅ Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %, ^)
✅ Absolute value, square root, cube root, power
✅ Rounding, truncation, logarithmic & exponential functions
✅ Factorials, GCD, LCM, and PI
✅ Random number generation and seeding
✅ Trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan, atan2) in radians & degrees
✅ Hyperbolic functions (sinh, cosh, tanh, etc.)

By the end of this session, you’ll know how to use these functions in real-world cases like financial applications, GIS, scientific computations, and simulations. 🚀

👉 This is part of the PostgreSQL Full Playlist. Don’t forget to check out previous episodes to build a strong foundation!

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Functions and Operators in PostgreSQL: Comparison Function & Operator | ...

In this video, we’ll dive into Comparison Functions and Operators in PostgreSQL. These are essential for writing precise queries, handling null values, and performing safe comparisons in your database applications.

You’ll learn:

• Basic comparison operators (<, >, =, <>, !=)

• Range testing with BETWEEN and NOT BETWEEN

• Using BETWEEN SYMMETRIC for unordered ranges

• NULL-safe comparisons with IS DISTINCT FROM and IS NOT DISTINCT FROM

• Checking for missing data with IS NULL, IS NOT NULL, and alternatives

• Boolean checks like IS TRUE, IS FALSE, and IS UNKNOWN

• Row-level null comparisons and their tricky behavior

• Handy functions like num_nulls() and num_nonnulls() for analyzing null values

We’ll also cover best practices, pitfalls, and performance tips to ensure your queries run efficiently while avoiding common mistakes with null handling and cross-type comparisons.

📌 This is part of the PostgreSQL Full Playlist, so make sure to check out the other videos if you want to master PostgreSQL step by step.

Functions and Operators in PostgreSQL: Logical Operators || PostgreSQL F...

In this video, we dive into Logical Operators in PostgreSQL, an essential part of writing powerful and efficient queries. Logical operators help us combine multiple conditions and make decisions in our SQL statements.

We’ll cover the three main operators — AND, OR, and NOT — along with PostgreSQL’s three-valued logic system (TRUE, FALSE, and NULL). You’ll also learn how these operators work through truth tables and practical examples using an employees table.

📌 What you’ll learn in this video:

• Introduction to PostgreSQL Logical Operators

• Detailed explanation of AND, OR, and NOT

• How NULL affects logical operations

• Using logical operators in WHERE clauses

• Real-world examples with CREATE TABLE and INSERT statements

By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have a strong understanding of how logical operators work in PostgreSQL, enabling you to write more accurate and efficient queries.

👉 Don’t forget to check out the Full PostgreSQL Playlist for a complete step-by-step guide on mastering PostgreSQL.

Data Types in PostgreSQL: Domain Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Playlist #57

In this video, we explore Domain Data Types in PostgreSQL — a powerful feature that lets you create custom, reusable data types with built-in constraints. This helps you enforce consistent rules across your database while keeping your schema clean and maintainable.

We’ll start with the basics of domains, showing how to build them from existing types and add CHECK constraints for validations. You’ll see examples like restricting integers to positive values or phone numbers to a specific pattern. We’ll also cover advanced domains using ENUMs and arrays.

Next, we’ll dive into Object Identifier (OID) Types such as regclass, regtype, and others. These special types simplify working with PostgreSQL’s internal system objects, making queries cleaner and more robust. You’ll learn how to use OIDs in system queries, pg_relation_size, and nextval() calls.

By the end of this tutorial, you’ll be able to:

• Create and use Domain Types with constraints

• Work with OID types and their aliases

• Apply domains to different data types, including arrays and enums

• Understand when to use early vs late binding in PostgreSQL

📌 Watch this if you want to:
✔ Make your database design more robust
✔ Avoid repeating constraints in multiple tables
✔ Use PostgreSQL’s built-in features to simplify queries

Data Types in PostgreSQL: Array Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Playlist #56

In this video, we explore Array Data Types in PostgreSQL in detail. Arrays are powerful when you need to store multiple values in a single column, whether for lists, schedules, or multi-dimensional grids.

We’ll start by understanding what arrays are and how they work in PostgreSQL. Then, we’ll cover declaration methods using both the square bracket ([]) notation and SQL standard ARRAY keyword. You’ll learn how to insert array values using both literal and constructor syntax, and how to work with multi-dimensional arrays.

Next, we dive into accessing array elements using indexes and slices, retrieving dimensions with functions like array_dims and array_length, and modifying arrays by replacing values, updating slices, or concatenating arrays.

We also explore searching within arrays using ANY, ALL, generate_subscripts, array_position, and the overlap (&&) operator. You’ll see practical examples for querying salaries, schedules, and more.

Finally, we’ll discuss best practices for using arrays, their pros and cons, and when you should consider normalizing data instead. This session is part of the PostgreSQL Full Playlist so you can master every concept step-by-step.

If you want to level up your PostgreSQL skills, this video is for you! 🚀

Data Types in PostgreSQL: JSON Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Playlist #55

Welcome to Part 55 of our PostgreSQL Full Playlist! 🎥 In this video, we dive deep into one of the most powerful data types in PostgreSQL — JSON and JSONB.

📌 What You’ll Learn:

• The difference between json and jsonb types

• How PostgreSQL stores and processes JSON data

• Practical examples: inserting, querying, and updating JSON fields

• Using operators like @>, ?, and ->>

• Powerful indexing strategies using GIN, BTREE, and expression indexes

• Working with jsonpath queries for complex lookups

• Handling edge cases like Unicode, nulls, and nested structures

• Real-world best practices and performance tips for working with semi-structured data

PostgreSQL’s support for JSON is incredibly robust, allowing developers to handle flexible data formats while still benefiting from SQL power.

Whether you're a backend developer, database admin, or student, this video will equip you with essential skills for modern data modeling using JSON in PostgreSQL.

📚 Don’t forget to check the full playlist for more videos on PostgreSQL indexing, constraints, normalization, functions, and performance tuning!

✅ Subscribe, Like, Comment & Share to support the channel and stay updated with the latest tutorials.

Data Types in PostgreSQL: XML Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Playlist #54

In this video (#54 of our PostgreSQL Full Playlist), we dive deep into the XML Data Type in PostgreSQL — a powerful and structured way to store and process XML content directly in your database!

We start by exploring how the xml type differs from regular text, including its built-in validation for well-formed XML and compatibility with XML functions like xmlparse, xmlserialize, and xpath.

You’ll learn:

• How to insert XML documents and fragments using XMLPARSE

• PostgreSQL-specific shorthand syntax for XML data

• How to convert XML back into text format using XMLSERIALIZE

• Encoding best practices to avoid client-server issues

• How to query XML using xpath() for data extraction

• Workarounds for indexing XML using full-text search

• Checking whether a stored XML value is a document or content fragment

This video also covers best practices, potential pitfalls, and performance tuning advice when working with XML data in PostgreSQL.

Whether you're building APIs, handling metadata, or managing config files — XML in PostgreSQL is a must-have tool in your toolkit. Don't forget to watch till the end and subscribe for more database tutorials!

📌 Subscribe for the full PostgreSQL series and stay updated with all episodes.
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Data Types in PostgreSQL: UUID Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Playlist #53

Welcome to Part 53 of our full PostgreSQL tutorial playlist! 🎥
In this video, we explore the UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) data type in PostgreSQL — a crucial tool for distributed systems and secure, globally unique identifiers.

UUIDs are 128-bit identifiers standardized by RFC 4122, and PostgreSQL provides native support for them using the uuid data type. We'll guide you through:

• What UUIDs are and how they're formatted

• Differences between UUID and SERIAL types

• How to use the uuid-ossp extension to generate UUIDs

• Creating tables with UUID primary keys

• Writing SQL statements using UUIDs (including inserts, selects, and references)

• Use cases and performance considerations

• Bonus: Real-life examples for UUID-based design

💡 Whether you're building microservices, secure APIs, or scalable systems — UUIDs can give your application a powerful edge in uniqueness and security.

📥 Like, Share, and Subscribe to stay updated with practical PostgreSQL learning!

Data Types in PostgreSQL: Text Search Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Play...

In this video, we dive deep into Text Search Data Types in PostgreSQL, focusing on the powerful combination of tsvector and tsquery. These types form the foundation of PostgreSQL’s built-in Full-Text Search capabilities, enabling developers to perform fast and accurate text searches directly within the database—without needing external tools.

We begin by exploring the tsvector type, which is used to store normalized searchable content, and learn how to manage lexemes, weights, and positions. Then, we examine the tsquery type, which enables rich search logic using Boolean operators, prefix matching, phrase matching (<->), and more.

This tutorial also includes:

• Creating tables and inserting text data

• Using to_tsvector() and to_tsquery() for normalization

• Matching vectors with queries using the @@ operator

• Improving performance with GIN indexes

• Automatically updating vectors via triggers

• Ranking results using ts_rank

• Highlighting search results with ts_headline

• Debugging with ts_debug

Whether you're building a blog search, product catalog filter, or document search engine, PostgreSQL makes it all possible—natively. This is an essential episode in our PostgreSQL Full Playlist. Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe!

Data Types in PostgreSQL: Bit String Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Playl...

Welcome to Episode #51 of our PostgreSQL Full Playlist! 🎬

In this tutorial, we dive deep into Bit String Data Types in PostgreSQL—BIT(n) and BIT VARYING(n). These types allow you to store and manipulate binary sequences (1s and 0s), perfect for compact data storage like bitmasks, feature flags, and permission sets.

We’ll cover:

• What are BIT(n) and BIT VARYING(n) types?

• The difference between fixed and variable-length bit strings

• How to insert valid/invalid values

• How casting affects storage (padding and truncation)

• Real-world use cases

• Using bitwise operators (AND, OR, XOR, NOT)

• Useful bit string functions like LENGTH() and OCTET_LENGTH()

• Common pitfalls and advanced tips

With full examples and clear explanations, this video is ideal for both beginners and intermediate PostgreSQL learners.

📌 Don't forget to:
👍 Like | 💬 Comment | 🔔 Subscribe | 📂 Watch the full playlist for more PostgreSQL concepts!

Data Types in PostgreSQL: Network Address Data Types || PostgreSQL Full ...

In this video, we explore Network Address Data Types in PostgreSQL — an essential part of working with IP addresses and MAC addresses directly in the database.

You’ll learn how PostgreSQL provides specialized support for IP address types such as inet (IPv4/IPv6 hosts), cidr (network blocks), and MAC address formats like macaddr and macaddr8. These data types are far more reliable and efficient than storing IPs as plain text, allowing for input validation, indexing, subnetting operations, and more.

We also provide practical examples, including:

• Creating tables using inet, cidr, macaddr, and macaddr8

• Inserting and querying IP and MAC addresses

• Using powerful built-in functions like host(), netmask(), abbrev(), and macaddr8_set7bit()

• Understanding the difference between inet and cidr

If you're building applications involving network infrastructure, IoT devices, firewalls, or logging systems — this tutorial is a must-watch!

📌 Full Playlist: Don’t forget to check out the complete PostgreSQL series if you’re following along from the start.

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Data Types in PostgreSQL: Date/Time/Interval Data Types || PostgreSQL Fu...

Welcome to Episode 49 of the PostgreSQL Full Playlist! In this tutorial, we explore one of the most important areas of database development — Date/Time and Interval Data Types in PostgreSQL.

PostgreSQL provides highly flexible and powerful temporal data types including DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMPTZ, and INTERVAL. Whether you're handling simple dates, calculating durations, or dealing with timezone-aware timestamps, this video will guide you through all the critical concepts with real-world use cases, hands-on SQL examples, and expert-level insights.

You will learn:

• The difference between TIMESTAMP and TIMESTAMPTZ

• How to use and format INTERVAL for date arithmetic

• How time zone conversion works using AT TIME ZONE

• Date formatting with datestyle and intervalstyle

• Special constants like now, epoch, today, and yesterday

• Functions like CURRENT_DATE, DATE_TRUNC, EXTRACT, and more!

💡 This video is perfect for:

• Students learning databases

• Backend developers handling temporal data

• Data engineers dealing with time-series data

• Anyone preparing for SQL interviews or certifications

👉 Don’t forget to LIKE, SUBSCRIBE, and SHARE if you find this helpful. Drop your questions or feedback in the comments — I’d love to help out!

🔔 Subscribe for more PostgreSQL and Database tutorials.

Data Types in PostgreSQL: Binary (BYTEA) Data Types || PostgreSQL Full P...

📦 Welcome to Episode #48 of our PostgreSQL Full Playlist! In this video, we dive deep into one of the most important and specialized PostgreSQL data types — Binary Data Types, specifically the BYTEA type.

🔍 The BYTEA data type is used to store binary data like files, images, encrypted content, or any non-textual byte stream. We’ll walk you through:

• What is BYTEA and when to use it

• Input formats: Hex vs Escape (with full examples)

• How to insert and retrieve binary data

• Usage of encode() and decode() functions

• How PostgreSQL automatically compresses large binary objects using TOAST

• Important security and performance tips for handling BYTEA values

🎓 Whether you're a database developer, backend engineer, or someone diving into PostgreSQL internals — this video will give you both the theory and hands-on practice to master binary data management in PostgreSQL.

💾 Don’t forget to LIKE 👍, SUBSCRIBE 🔔, and COMMENT 💬 if you find this helpful!
🧠 Watch the full PostgreSQL series for deep database insights.

Data Types in PostgreSQL: ENUM (Enumerated) Data Types || PostgreSQL Ful...

In this tutorial, we dive deep into Enumerated (ENUM) Data Types in PostgreSQL – one of the most powerful ways to enforce data integrity and readability in your database schema. 🎯

You’ll learn how to create and use ENUM types to define columns with a fixed set of valid values, like moods, statuses, or categories. We’ll walk through step-by-step examples showing how to:

• Declare ENUM types using CREATE TYPE

• Use ENUMs in tables with INSERT and SELECT

• Understand ENUM ordering and comparison operators

• Avoid type mismatches and safely cast ENUMs

• Add or rename ENUM values using ALTER TYPE

• Inspect ENUM values via PostgreSQL system catalogs

We also cover type safety, implementation details, and best practices when deciding between ENUMs and lookup tables.

Whether you're a PostgreSQL beginner or brushing up on advanced data types, this video is a must-watch to strengthen your schema design skills.

📌 Don't forget to check out the full PostgreSQL Playlist for more structured learning!

🔔 Like, Share, and Subscribe for more PostgreSQL tutorials!
#PostgreSQL #DatabaseDesign #PostgresENUM #SQLTutorial #DataTypes

Data Types In PostgreSQL: Boolean Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Playlist...

Welcome to Video #46 in our PostgreSQL Full Playlist! 🎥

In this video, we dive deep into one of the most essential data types in PostgreSQL — the Boolean Data Type. Learn how PostgreSQL handles binary logic with TRUE, FALSE, and NULL (unknown) values. We’ll walk through how to declare Boolean fields, accepted input formats (like yes, 1, off, etc.), and demonstrate real-world use cases like tracking product availability, student enrollment, and user activity statuses.

You'll also learn:

• The internal storage and behavior of booleans in PostgreSQL.

• SQL-standard vs. alternate representations ('1', 'no', 'yes', etc.).

• How NULL behaves differently and when to cast it explicitly.

• Writing smart queries using WHERE clauses for TRUE, FALSE, and NULL values.

Whether you're preparing for interviews, building applications, or just exploring PostgreSQL, this video will give you the practical knowledge you need.

👉 Don’t forget to Like, Share, and Subscribe for the complete playlist!

Data Types In PostgreSQL: Character Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Playli...

Welcome to Part 45 of our PostgreSQL Full Course Playlist! 🚀

In this video, we dive deep into one of the most fundamental aspects of PostgreSQL — Character Data Types. You'll learn the key differences, use cases, and behaviors of:

• CHAR(n) – fixed-length, space-padded strings

• VARCHAR(n) – variable-length strings with a defined limit

• TEXT – flexible and unbounded character storage

• Internal types like bpchar, "char", and name

🎯 We'll cover real-world examples like storing employee codes, customer names, blog content, product SKUs, and user feedback. You'll also learn the implications of trailing spaces, padding, truncation, and storage behavior.

💡 This session is crucial for anyone designing tables, optimizing storage, or simply trying to choose the best string type in PostgreSQL.

Whether you're a student, backend developer, or DBA — by the end of this video, you'll know when to use TEXT over VARCHAR, why CHAR can be risky, and how PostgreSQL handles string storage under the hood.

📌 Topics Covered:

• Syntax & behavior of CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT

• Storage internals (TOAST, compression, padding)

• Behavior with trailing spaces

• Comparison semantics and limitations

• Best practices for choosing the right type

👉 Don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe for more deep-dive videos in this PostgreSQL series.

📽️ Next Video: Data Types In PostgreSQL – Binary Data Types

Data Types In PostgreSQL: Money Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Playlist V...

In this video (PostgreSQL Playlist #44), we take a deep dive into the money data type in PostgreSQL, which is specially designed to store and manipulate currency values with fixed fractional precision.

💡 You’ll learn:

• What the money type is and how it works

• How to create tables and insert monetary values

• Type casting between money, numeric, and float

• Performing arithmetic with money values

• Real-world example: applying discounts on invoices

• Best practices to avoid rounding errors and locale mismatches

🛠️ This tutorial is perfect for developers, data engineers, and students looking to enhance their PostgreSQL database design and financial data handling skills.

📌 Don’t forget to check out the complete PostgreSQL series for more in-depth tutorials.

Subscribe for more database and backend content, and hit the 🔔 to stay updated!

Data Types In PostgreSQL: Numeric Data Types || PostgreSQL Full Playlist...

In this video (Part #43 of the PostgreSQL Full Playlist), we take a deep dive into Numeric Data Types in PostgreSQL—an essential concept for every backend or data engineer. 🚀

You’ll learn how to handle real-world data like prices, tax rates, measurements, sensor data, population counts, and financial transactions using:

• Integer Types: SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT

• Fixed Precision: NUMERIC, DECIMAL

• Floating-Point: REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION

• Auto-Increment Types: SERIAL, BIGSERIAL

• Money Type: MONEY

• Special values: Infinity, -Infinity, NaN

We also explore precision, rounding behavior, and common pitfalls—along with RETURNING clauses for instant verification. No more boring examples—every use case in this video is practical and relatable. 🧮💰

🔔 Don’t forget to Like, Subscribe, and Turn on Notifications to stay updated on this complete PostgreSQL tutorial series!

💬 Leave a comment below with your thoughts or questions!

Common Table Expressions - CTEs in PostgreSQL || How to Write CTEs || Po...

In this video, we dive deep into Common Table Expressions (CTEs) in PostgreSQL — a powerful feature that helps you write cleaner, more modular, and efficient SQL queries.

Whether you're a beginner exploring PostgreSQL or an advanced user refining your skills, this tutorial covers everything you need to know about WITH queries, including:

• ✅ What is a CTE?

• ✅ Syntax and structure

• ✅ Benefits of using CTEs

• ✅ Simple CTEs for temporary data sets

• ✅ Recursive CTEs for generating sequences or traversing hierarchies

• ✅ Data-Modifying CTEs using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE

• ✅ Using CTEs with JOINs to simplify complex multi-table queries

• ✅ Materialization and performance tips

You'll see real-time PostgreSQL examples that demonstrate how CTEs can be applied to real-world scenarios like summarizing data, cleaning up subqueries, and chaining modifications.

📌 This video is part of our PostgreSQL Full Playlist, where we guide you step-by-step from basic concepts to advanced performance optimizations.

💡 Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to stay updated with more database content!

VALUES Lists in PostgreSQL Queries || Queries in PostgreSQL || PostgreSQ...

In this video of our PostgreSQL Full Playlist (#41), we take a deep dive into the VALUES clause—a powerful feature that lets you define temporary constant row sets without creating a real table.

We cover a variety of real-world scenarios, including:

• Basic usage of the VALUES clause

• Assigning column aliases

• Using VALUES in INSERT statements (single and multiple rows)

• Joining VALUES with real tables in the FROM clause

• Performing bulk updates using VALUES and UPDATE together

• Working with type casting, such as filtering IP addresses

• Sorting and slicing result sets using ORDER BY, LIMIT, and OFFSET

Each example is practical, beginner-friendly, and designed to help you build solid SQL skills in PostgreSQL. Whether you're prepping for an interview or strengthening your database knowledge, this tutorial has something for everyone.

🔔 Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to the channel for more hands-on PostgreSQL content.

👉 Next Video: WITH Queries (CTEs) in PostgreSQL

LIMIT and OFFSET in PostgreSQL Queries || Queries in PostgreSQL || Postg...

Welcome to Lesson #40 in our PostgreSQL Full Playlist! In this video, we explore the powerful LIMIT and OFFSET clauses in PostgreSQL and how they help control the number of rows returned from a query. Whether you're building a backend for a web app or optimizing your data reports, mastering these clauses is essential.

We begin by understanding the syntax of LIMIT and OFFSET, followed by real-world examples using an employees table. You’ll learn how to:

• Return a specific number of rows

• Skip rows using OFFSET

• Combine both for pagination

• Use ORDER BY to ensure consistent and predictable results

We’ll also walk through advanced techniques like using CTEs (Common Table Expressions) for more powerful and flexible pagination with ROW_NUMBER().

🔍 Performance Alert: Learn why high OFFSET values can hurt performance and how to implement keyset pagination for large datasets.

Perfect for students, backend developers, and data analysts who want clean, performant SQL!

📌 Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
1:10 - What is LIMIT and OFFSET?
2:45 - Creating the Employees Table
4:20 - LIMIT Examples
6:00 - OFFSET Examples
7:00 - Pagination with LIMIT & OFFSET
8:00 - Real-World Pagination Scenario
9:20 - Performance Notes & Keyset Pagination
11:00 - Using CTEs with ROW_NUMBER
12:30 - Conclusion

💡 Subscribe and turn on notifications so you don’t miss the next video: VALUES Lists in PostgreSQL!

ORDER BY in PostgreSQL Queries || Sorting Rows in PostgreSQL || PostgreS...

Welcome to video #39 in our PostgreSQL Full Playlist! 🎬 In this tutorial, we dive deep into one of the most essential clauses in SQL: the ORDER BY clause.

You'll learn how to sort query results in PostgreSQL based on one or more columns, expressions, and aliases. We also explain how to handle NULL values using NULLS FIRST and NULLS LAST, sort using column positions, and apply ORDER BY in advanced cases such as UNION, CTEs, and window functions.

Whether you're preparing for interviews, writing production queries, or optimizing reports and dashboards, understanding ORDER BY is critical for clear and consistent output.

We demonstrate everything with real examples and walkthroughs, using a practical employees table. This lesson also includes tips on performance, index use, and sorting text data with collation.

🎯 Topics Covered:

• Basic ascending and descending sorting

• Sorting by expressions like salary + bonus

• Handling NULLs explicitly

• Using column aliases and positions in ORDER BY

• ORDER BY with UNION, DISTINCT, and LIMIT/OFFSET

• Sorting randomly with RANDOM()

• Analytical queries using RANK() with OVER

• Performance tips using EXPLAIN

Make sure to subscribe and check out the full PostgreSQL series for complete mastery! 🚀

📌 Stay tuned for the next episode: LIMIT and OFFSET in PostgreSQL Queries

Combining Queries in PostgreSQL || UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT || Best Post...

Welcome to another powerful episode of our PostgreSQL tutorial series! In Video #38, we dive deep into Combining Queries in PostgreSQL using the essential set operators: UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT.

These operators are invaluable when working with multiple result sets. You'll learn:

• How to combine query results with UNION and UNION ALL

• How to find common records across result sets using INTERSECT

• How to exclude records using EXCEPT

• The importance of query compatibility and proper use of parentheses

• How to retain or eliminate duplicates using the ALL keyword

• Practical examples with Employees and Departments tables

We also cover operator precedence, the role of LIMIT and ORDER BY, and how subqueries and aliasing help you write cleaner, more accurate queries.

💡 Whether you're preparing for interviews, learning PostgreSQL for your job, or building data-driven apps, this tutorial is packed with hands-on examples and key tips that will help you query smarter and faster.

🔥 Don’t forget to like, subscribe, and hit the bell icon for more awesome database tutorials every week!

📌 Next up: Sorting Rows in PostgreSQL using ORDER BY!

Select Lists in PostgreSQL || Queries in PostgreSQL || Best PostgreSQL T...

🔍 Welcome to the Ultimate PostgreSQL Tutorial Series!
In this video (#37), we dive deep into one of the most crucial parts of any SQL query—the SELECT list. Whether you're a beginner or brushing up your database skills, this tutorial will guide you through the many ways PostgreSQL lets you customize the data you retrieve.

👨‍💻 What You'll Learn:

• How to select all or specific columns

• Using table aliases for cleaner queries

• Creating computed columns with expressions

• Renaming outputs with column aliases (AS)

• Eliminating duplicates with DISTINCT and DISTINCT ON

• Leveraging subqueries, functions, and CASE expressions

• Working with JSON, arrays, and aggregate functions

• Using LIMIT, OFFSET, and even SELECT without a FROM clause

• Advanced techniques like CTEs (Common Table Expressions)

✨ With practical examples, best practices, and performance tips, this tutorial is your go-to guide for mastering SELECT lists in PostgreSQL!

🧠 Next Video: Combining Queries in PostgreSQL – UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT
👍 Don't forget to like, subscribe, and turn on notifications for more powerful PostgreSQL lessons.

Window Functions in PostgreSQL || Queries in PostgreSQL || Best PostgreS...

Welcome to another power-packed tutorial in our PostgreSQL series! 🚀 In Video #36, we dive deep into the world of Window Functions in PostgreSQL — an essential tool for writing analytical queries without losing row-level detail.

💡 Unlike regular aggregate functions, window functions let you calculate SUM, AVG, RANK, ROW_NUMBER, and moving averages over partitions of data while keeping every row visible. This opens up possibilities for advanced reporting, analytics, and insights directly within your SQL.

📊 We walk through real-world use cases with a sales table, showing step-by-step how to:

• Calculate running totals and moving averages

• Assign rankings and row numbers

• Use LEAD and LAG for accessing prior/next rows

• Work with PARTITION BY, ORDER BY, ROWS BETWEEN, and RANGE BETWEEN

• Optimize performance with shared window specs and indexing tips

We even explore NTILE bucketing, filtered aggregations, and how to use GROUP BY alongside window functions.

Whether you're preparing for interviews, working on a data project, or just want to level up your SQL skills — this tutorial is packed with everything you need!

👉 Don’t forget to subscribe, like, and share if you find this helpful. Drop your questions in the comments, and stay tuned for the next video on Select Lists in PostgreSQL.

Happy Querying! 🧠💻

GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, CUBE Clauses || Queries in PostgreSQL || Best Pos...

In this tutorial, we explore the powerful GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, and CUBE clauses in PostgreSQL, which are essential for advanced data analysis and reporting. You'll learn how to: Use GROUPING SETS to calculate subtotals across different combinations of dimensions like region, category, and subcategory. Apply ROLLUP to create hierarchical totals—ideal for business summaries (e.g., region → category → subcategory). Use CUBE for full multidimensional aggregation—critical in business intelligence and OLAP scenarios. This video walks through real SQL examples using a sample sales_data table and demonstrates how these clauses simplify complex reporting tasks. If you're working with data warehouses, financial reports, or BI dashboards, mastering these techniques is a must! 👨‍💻 Whether you're a student, analyst, or backend developer, this PostgreSQL video will take your skills to the next level. 📌 Don’t forget to like, subscribe, and check out the full PostgreSQL series!

The GROUP BY And HAVING Clauses || Queries In PostgreSQL || Best Postgre...

Master the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses in PostgreSQL with real-world examples! 🚀 In this tutorial, we explore how GROUP BY helps in summarizing data and how HAVING filters the grouped results. These SQL clauses are crucial for data analysis, reporting, and decision-making. 🔹 What You’ll Learn in This Video? ✔️ How GROUP BY organizes data into meaningful groups ✔️ Using aggregate functions like SUM(), COUNT(), AVG() with GROUP BY ✔️ Applying HAVING to filter grouped results ✔️ Practical examples with employee salary analysis & online order revenue calculations 💻 Example Queries Used in This Video: 📌 Employee Salary Analysis Calculate total salary per department Count employees in each department 📌 Online Orders Revenue Analysis Find total revenue per product Filter high-revenue products using HAVING 📚 Sample Query – Total Revenue per Product SELECT product, SUM(quantity * price) AS total_revenue FROM orders GROUP BY product; 🔥 Ready to level up your SQL skills? Watch the full tutorial and practice along! 📢 Next Video: GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP in PostgreSQL 🔔 Subscribe for more PostgreSQL tutorials!

The WHERE Clause In Table Expressions || Queries In PostgreSQL || Best P...

The WHERE clause in PostgreSQL is a powerful tool used to filter records based on specific conditions. It plays a crucial role in SQL queries by ensuring that only the necessary data is retrieved, leading to improved performance and efficiency. Whether you're working with SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, or other SQL commands, understanding the WHERE clause is essential for effective database management.

🔹 What You'll Learn in This Video:
✅ Basic filtering with the WHERE clause
✅ Using IN, BETWEEN, and LIKE for advanced filtering
✅ Handling NULL values in WHERE conditions
✅ Combining WHERE with JOINs for optimized queries
✅ Applying logical operators (AND, OR, NOT) for precise conditions
✅ Using EXISTS and subqueries for powerful data selection

💡 SQL Examples Covered:
✔ Filtering employees based on salary and department
✔ Using subqueries to fetch relevant department data
✔ Checking if records exist in related tables
✔ Pattern matching with LIKE
✔ Filtering records based on date conditions

This tutorial includes practical examples using PostgreSQL, making it easy for beginners and advanced users to grasp the concepts. By mastering the WHERE clause, you can significantly improve your database queries and optimize data retrieval.

📌 Next Video: Queries in PostgreSQL – The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses in PostgreSQL

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#PostgreSQL #SQLQueries #WHEREClause #DatabaseOptimization

The FROM Clause In Table Expressions || Queries In PostgreSQL || Best Po...

Understanding the FROM clause is crucial for writing efficient SQL queries in PostgreSQL. In this video, we’ll explore how the FROM clause works within table expressions and why it plays a vital role in retrieving, filtering, and joining data.

🔹 What You’ll Learn in This Video:

✔️ Basics of table expressions in PostgreSQL
✔️ Table inheritance and how it affects queries
✔️ CROSS JOIN, INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN
✔️ Using table and column aliases for better readability
✔️ Implementing subqueries within the FROM clause
✔️ Understanding LATERAL subqueries
✔️ Utilizing table functions to enhance data retrieval

🔹 Key Examples Covered:

✅ Creating and querying tables (employees and departments)
✅ Performing various types of joins to combine related data
✅ Using subqueries to simplify complex queries
✅ Writing functions to return sets of rows within the FROM clause

🚀 Why Watch This Video?

Whether you’re a beginner or an advanced PostgreSQL user, mastering the FROM clause will improve your database queries significantly. By the end of this tutorial, you'll be confident in handling table expressions, joins, and subqueries like a pro!

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Returning Data From Modified Rows In PostgreSQL || Best PostgreSQL Tutor...

In this video, we explore how to return data from modified rows using the RETURNING clause in PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL offers a powerful RETURNING clause with INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE commands that allows you to fetch data directly from affected rows without running an additional SELECT query.

The RETURNING clause is especially useful when working with auto-generated IDs (serial columns), computed columns, or trigger-influenced data, and helps in optimizing database interactions.

We will start by demonstrating INSERT statements with RETURNING, including how to fetch serial IDs and entire rows. Then, we cover UPDATE with RETURNING to get updated values in real-time, and DELETE with RETURNING to capture deleted rows for audit or logging purposes.

Moreover, you will learn how to combine MERGE with RETURNING for upsert operations, and how triggers interact with RETURNING to retrieve rows modified by triggers before final insertion.

✨ Key Highlights of this video:

• Syntax and usage of RETURNING clause.
• Efficient way to fetch modified rows after DML operations.
• Practical examples with INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE.
• How RETURNING works with trigger-modified data.
• Real-time data retrieval without additional SELECT queries.

If you are working on PostgreSQL databases and want to optimize your data modification workflows, this video is for you! Watch till the end to fully master the RETURNING clause!

👉 Next Video: Table Expressions In PostgreSQL - The FROM Clause

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DELETE Data Options In PostgreSQL || DELETE DML In PostgreSQL || Best Po...

Welcome to Best PostgreSQL Tutorial Video #30!
In this tutorial, we explore DELETE Data Options in PostgreSQL, an essential part of Data Manipulation Language (DML). You will learn how to delete specific rows, multiple rows based on conditions, and all rows from a table safely and efficiently.

We cover:
✅ Basic DELETE syntax to remove rows using conditions.
✅ How to delete data using the primary key for targeting specific rows.
✅ How to delete multiple rows with flexible WHERE conditions.
✅ RETURNING clause to view deleted rows immediately.
✅ Advanced DELETE using USING clause for join-based deletions.
✅ Difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE commands.
✅ Best practices and caution points while using DELETE to avoid accidental data loss.

💡 Whether you're a beginner or an experienced PostgreSQL user, this tutorial will clarify all use cases of the DELETE command with practical examples, tips, and recommendations.

📊 Check out practical examples like deleting based on price, stock, and product names, and learn how to handle deletion efficiently in real-world databases.

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UPDATE Data Options In PostgreSQL || UPDATE DML In PostgreSQL || Best Po...

The UPDATE statement in PostgreSQL is a crucial tool for modifying existing records within a table. Whether you need to update specific rows, apply conditional changes, or modify multiple columns at once, PostgreSQL provides powerful options to handle data updates efficiently.

In this tutorial, we explore various UPDATE scenarios:
✅ Basic updates for modifying specific rows
✅ Applying updates to all rows with calculations
✅ Updating multiple columns in a single query
✅ Using conditions with AND/OR operators
✅ Updating data based on subqueries
✅ Returning updated rows with the RETURNING clause
✅ Safe updates using primary keys
✅ Updating data through JOINs with other tables
✅ Applying conditional updates using CASE
✅ Using Common Table Expressions (CTEs) for structured updates

We also cover essential best practices to ensure safe updates, avoid unwanted modifications, and optimize query performance.

📌 SQL Examples Covered in the Video:

UPDATE products SET price = 200 WHERE price = 300;
UPDATE products SET price = price * 1.10;
UPDATE products SET price = price * 1.05, stock = stock - 2 WHERE stock > 5;
UPDATE products SET stock = stock + 5 WHERE name = 'Laptop' OR price < 200;
UPDATE products SET price = price * 1.10 WHERE product_id IN (SELECT product_id FROM products WHERE stock < 15);

... and many more!

🚀 By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have a solid understanding of how to effectively use the UPDATE statement in PostgreSQL for data manipulation.

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#PostgreSQL #SQL #Database #DML #DataManipulation

INSERT Data Options In PostgreSQL || INSERT DML In PostgreSQL || Best Po...

🚀 Mastering INSERT Data Options in PostgreSQL! 🛠️ When working with PostgreSQL, inserting data efficiently can make a big difference in performance. In this tutorial, we cover everything about the INSERT statement—from basic syntax to advanced techniques like batch inserts, conflict resolution (ON CONFLICT), bulk loading with COPY, and even inserting JSON data. 📌 What You’ll Learn in This Video: ✅ Basic INSERT statement and its syntax ✅ Using DEFAULT values when inserting rows ✅ Bulk Inserts with multi-row VALUES ✅ Efficient data insertion using COPY for large datasets ✅ ON CONFLICT (UPSERT) to handle duplicate key conflicts ✅ Using RETURNING to fetch inserted data ✅ Dynamic batch inserts with UNNEST function ✅ Storing and inserting JSON data in PostgreSQL ✅ Performance tips for efficient data manipulation 🔥 Code Examples Covered: 🔹 Creating a sample table and inserting data 🔹 Inserting data with and without specifying column names 🔹 Handling default values while inserting rows 🔹 Using INSERT ... SELECT to copy data from another table 🔹 Performing bulk inserts for large datasets 🔹 Leveraging ON CONFLICT for safe upserts 🔹 Batch inserts using PostgreSQL’s UNNEST function 🔹 Inserting JSON data into PostgreSQL 💡 Performance Optimization Tips: 🚀 Use COPY instead of multiple INSERT statements for large datasets 🚀 Batch inserts with multi-row VALUES improve efficiency 🚀 Temporarily disable indexes for massive data inserts 🚀 Optimize conflict resolution using ON CONFLICT 🎯 Whether you're a beginner or an experienced developer, this video will help you optimize your PostgreSQL inserts and improve database performance! 🔔 Subscribe for More PostgreSQL Tutorials! Don't forget to like, share, and comment with your thoughts! 😊 #PostgreSQL #Database #SQL #DataManipulation #SQLPerformance #DBMS

How To Track Dependent Objects In PostgreSQL || Best PostgreSQL Tutorial...

Managing dependencies in PostgreSQL is crucial for maintaining database integrity. In this tutorial, we explore how PostgreSQL tracks dependent objects and prevents accidental deletions. 🔹 Understanding Dependency Tracking PostgreSQL ensures that if an object (like a table, function, or type) has dependencies, it cannot be dropped unless explicitly handled. This mechanism prevents orphaned objects and data inconsistencies. 🔹 Foreign Key Dependency Example Consider a products table and an orders table where orders.product_no references products.product_id. If we attempt to drop the products table, PostgreSQL throws an error, warning us about the foreign key constraint. 🔹 Using CASCADE and RESTRICT CASCADE: Automatically removes all dependent objects when dropping a parent object. RESTRICT: Prevents dropping an object if dependencies exist, ensuring safe deletion. 🔹 Function and Type Dependencies Functions can depend on tables and types. PostgreSQL tracks dependencies for types but may not track tables unless the function is written in a SQL-standard format using BEGIN ATOMIC. Dropping a type will force PostgreSQL to remove dependent functions. 🔹 Best Practices ✅ Always check dependencies before dropping objects. ✅ Use CASCADE with caution to avoid unintended deletions. ✅ Write SQL-standard functions if table dependencies need tracking. Watch the full video to see practical demonstrations and error-handling strategies in PostgreSQL! 🚀 📌 Next Up: Data Manipulation in PostgreSQL – Inserting Data 📢 Subscribe for more PostgreSQL tutorials! 👍

How To Create PostgreSQL Foreign Table? PostgreSQL Foreign Data | Best P...

Are you looking to access external data in PostgreSQL without duplicating it? PostgreSQL's Foreign Data Wrappers (FDW) allow you to integrate data from remote databases seamlessly! 🚀 In this tutorial, we will walk you through creating a PostgreSQL Foreign Table step by step. You'll learn how to use FDWs to connect to external databases, query foreign data as if it were local, and even perform modifications based on FDW capabilities. 🔹 Topics Covered: ✅ What is Foreign Data in PostgreSQL? ✅ Understanding Foreign Data Wrappers (FDW) ✅ Creating a Foreign Data Wrapper ✅ Defining a Foreign Server and User Mapping ✅ Creating and Querying a Foreign Table ✅ Modifying and Importing Foreign Data 💡 Why Use Foreign Tables? Combine data from multiple databases without duplication Improve reporting and analytics by accessing external sources Enhance microservices and distributed system interactions By the end of this video, you’ll have a fully functional foreign table setup in PostgreSQL, allowing you to efficiently query and manage remote data! 📌 Don't forget to LIKE 👍, SHARE, and SUBSCRIBE 🔔 for more in-depth PostgreSQL tutorials! #PostgreSQL #ForeignTable #FDW #DatabaseIntegration #SQL #PostgreSQLTutorial